Laminated safety glass produced with TROSIFOL PVB film is subject to a number of standards and technical codes. In Europe the laminated safety glass system is governed by the following standard EN ISO 12543 in the subsequently described subdivision:

STANDARD SPECIFICATION EN ISO 12543
Standard	Description
EN ISO 12543 – Part 1	Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass: Definitions and descriptions of components
EN ISO 12543 – Part 2	Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass: Laminated safety glass
EN ISO 12543 – Part 5	Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass: Dimensions and edge finishing
EN ISO 12543 – Part 6	Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass: Appearance

 

The following European (and German) standards are applicable to type-specific laminated safety glass and its technical properties:

EUROPEAN AND German STANDARDS
Standard	Description
DIN EN ISO 140	Acoustics – Measurement of sound-insulation in buildings and of building elements
DIN EN 356	Glass in building – Security glazing – Testing and classification of resistance against manual attack
DIN EN 1063	Glass in building – Security glazing – Testing and classification of resistance against bullet attack
DIN EN 1522-1	Windows, doors, shutters and blinds – Bullet resistance – Requirements and classification
DIN EN 1523-1	Windows, doors, shutters and blinds – Bullet resistance – Test method
DIN EN 12600	Glass in building – Pendulum test – Impact test method and classification for flat glass
DIN EN 13541	Glass in building – Security glazing – Testing and classification of resistance against explosion pressure
DIN EN 12758 Part1	Glass in building – Glazing and airborne sound insulation – Product descriptions and determination of properties
pr EN 13363 Part 2	PV/Solar protection devices combined with glazing – Calculation of solar and light transmittance – Reference method
pr EN 14449	Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass – evaluation of conformity
DIN 52308	Boil test on laminated glass
DIN 52338	Methods of testing flat glass for use in buildings – Ball drop test on laminated glass

 

The following standards are valid in North America (USA and Canada), as well as in all countries that have adopted US standards:

AMERICAN STANDARDS
Standard	Description
ASTM C 1172	Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
ASTM E 413	Rating Sound Insulation
ASTM E 1300	Standard Practice for Determining the Load Resistance of Glass In Buildings
ASTM F 1233	Standard Test Method for Security Glazing Materials and Systems
ASTM F 1641-95	Standard Test Method for Measuring Penetration Resistance of Security Glazing using a Pendulum Impactor
ASTM F 1642-95	Standard Test Method for Glazing System Subject to Air Blast Loadings
ANSI Z97.1	Standard for Glazing Materials Used in Buildings – Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test
Consumer Products Safety	Commission CPSC 16 CFR 1201
UL 972	Burglary Resistant Glazing
UL 752	Bullet Resistant Glazing
GANA	Laminated Glass Design Guide

 

 

Hurricane glass is increasingly being used in the hurricane-endangered areas of North America. There are currently 4 regions that have implemented hurricane resistant building codes: Dade County, Broward County, Beach County and Monroe County. The following tests based on the penetration-inhibiting glazing standard SSTD 12-97 of the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI), are described in the subsequent table.

 

TYPICAL IMPACT TESTS
Small missile impact test (for windows, doors, skylights, glazing and shutters above 30ft above grade)
Three identical test specimens. Missile is a steel ball (2 g). 30 small missile impacts at 80 ft/sec: 10 at center, 10 near long edge, 10 near corner. All three specimens must survive impacts without penetration.
OR - Large missile impact test (for windows, doors, skylights, glazing and shutters between grade and 30 feet above grade)
The Missile is square timber weighing 9 lbs. Two impact points at 50 ft/sec: one at center, one within 6“ of a corner. All three specimes must survive impacts without penetration before proceeding to cyclic pressure test.
FOLLOWED BY - Cyclic pressure (Applied to all three specimens following large or small missile impact tests: duration of each cycle is: 1– 3 seconds: all inward-acting pressure cycles are applied first, followed by outward-acting cycles)
Inward-Acting		Outward-Acting
Pressure range	Cycles	Pressure range	Cycles
0,2 – max. 0,5Pmax	3.500	0,3 – max. 1,0Pmax	50	Pmax is design wind pressure (inward and outward) from the building code based on an unbreached building envelope.
0,0 – max. 0,6Pmax	300	0,5 – max. 0,8Pmax	1050
0,5 – max. 0,8Pmax	600	0,0 – max. 0,6	50
0,3 – max. 1,0Pmax	100	bar 0,2 – max. 0,5Pmax	3350
Pass/Fail Criteria
If no tear or crack longer than 5“ (or opening through with a 3“ sphere can pass), has formed in any of three specimes upon completion of the pressure cycles, they have passed the test!

Depending on the given kind of stress that laminated safety glass is exposed to, a distinction is made between two criteria, 

namely by the influences of safety and security properties properties, as indicated in the subsequent diagram.

 

 

 

Impact-resistant glazing

Safety glass that is impact resistant provides protection against burglary, vandalism and spontaneous attack. The P-A Classes defined in DIN 356 cover 5 groups with ascending protective effect. The testing method proceeds from thrown heavy objects that are simulated by the following testing conditions:

Steel ball:	4,11 kg, 10 cm diameter
Laminated Safety Glass testing formate:	900 x 1100 mm
Testing procedure:	3 steel balls are dropped from the same height on an impact triangle

The test is passed if no ball smashes through the glass. The following table indicates the differing test requirements and the resulting resistance classes:

 

Burglary resistant glazing

The protection expectations regarding the penetration of this type of glazing proceeds from the worst-case scenario. Burglary resistant glazing against attack with a cutting tool in conformity with DIN EN 356 B is carried out with an axe machine which simulates attack by a hand-held axe weighing 2 kg.
The test establishes the number of times a 900 x 1100 mm test specimen is hit to produce a 400 x 400 mm hole. The machine hits the axe at a speed of approx. 11 m/s and generates an impact energy of approx. 300 J.

CLASSIFICATION OF BURGLARY RESISTANT GLAZING
Standard	Resistance class	Number of axe impacts
DIN EN 356	P6B	30 to 50
	P7B	51 to 70
	P8B	over 70

Bullet-resistant glazing

Bullet-resistant glazing prevents the penetration of different types of ammunition projectiles in conformity with the requirements of EN 1063. Several layers of TROSIFOL film are combined with glass plies of differing thickness to produce bullet-resistant glass. Testing involves firing bullets three times at the glazing from a fixed distance. The resistance classes differ by the bullet calibre. A distinction is made between "Non-splintering" (NS) and "Splintering" (SA). The resistance classes of the two standards are compared in the subsequent table.

 

 

 

 

CLASSIFICATION FOR BULLET-RESISTANT GLAZING
Calibre	Projectile		DIN EN 1063
	Type*	Weight	Firing class		Firing distance [m] [m]	Velocity [m/s]
			Splintering	Nonsplintering
22 LR	URN	2,6±0,10	BR1-S	BR1-NS	10	360±10
9 x 19 mm	VMR/Wk	8,0±0,10	BR2-S	BR2-NS	5	400±10
357 Magnum	VMKS/Wk	10,25±0,10	BR3-S	BR3-NS	5	430±10
44 Magnum	VMF/Wk	15,55±0,10	BR4-S	BR4-NS	5	440±10
5,56 x 45 mm	FJ/PB/SCP1	4,0±0,10	BR5-S	BR5-NS	10	950±10
7,62 x 51 mm	VMS/Wk	9,45±0,10	BR6-S	BR6-NS	10	830±10
7,62 x 51 mm	VMS/Hk	9,75±0,10	BR7-S	BR7-NS	10	820±10
Flinte 12/70	Brenneke	31,0±0,50	SG1-S**	SG1-NS**	10	420±20
Flinte 12/70	Brenneke	31,0±0,50	SG2-S	SG2-NS	10	420±20

* * FJ: Full-jacketed bullet L: Lead PB: Pointed bullet RN: Round-nose bullet SCP1: Soft-centre projectile with steel reinforcement VMF/Wk: Full-jacketed flat-nose bullet with soft-core VMKS/Wk: Full-jacketed, conical-tip bullet with soft core VMR/Wk: Full-jacketed, round-nose bullet with soft core VMS/Hk: Full-jacketed, pointednose bullet with hard core VMS/Wk: Full-jacketed, pointednose bullet with soft core ** The test involves a single shot


Bullet-resistant glass is installed in banks, military installations and government, judiciary and commercial buildings. The non-splintering bullet-resistant glazing is used where, in serious cases, people can be standing right behind the glazing. Obviously, all bullet-resistant glazing composed of several asymmetrical layers of laminated safety glass also has a higher level of burglary resistance. Recommendations and answers relating to the corresponding glazing compositions can be obtained from the TROSIFOL Technical Service.

Blast-resistant glazing

The explosion-resistant properties of glazing are tested in conformity with the standard DIN EN 13541. Glazing in the formate 900 x 1100 mm is tested under defined conditions where the vertical impact of a TNT equivalent explosive on the glazing is simulated. The test establishes the positive maximum pressure of a reflected explosion wave that is withstood by the glazing over an extended period. The resistance classes listed in the subsequent table are the outcome of the type of stress and the test results.

CLASSIFICATION FOR BLAST-RESISTANT GLAZING
Resistance class against the effects of explosions	Presentation of the effect of a spherical, splinter-free TNT equivalent explosive charge (fired at a corresponding distance)
	Positive maximum pressure of the reflected blast wave ± 5%	Duration of the positive pressure phase at least [ms]
ER1	50 – 100 kPa	≥ 20
ER2	100 – 150 kPa	≥ 20
ER3	150 – 200 kPa	≥ 20
ER4	250 – 300 kPa	≥ 20

Here, too, a distinction is made between "Splintering" (type S) and "Non-splintering" (type NS). Blast-resistant glazing is used for public buildings, power stations, airports, military installations and embassies.

The safety features, i.e. splinter-preventing effect, of TROSIFOL® PVB film have a big hand in preventing injuries associated with the breakage of fall-inhibit glazing, balustrades and facades in much-frequented areas of buildings and overhead glazing.

The pendulum test to DIN EN 12600 is used to simulate the impact stress and the resulting breakage behaviour of laminated safety glass. A 50 kg double tyre (so-called twin tyre with a tyre pressure of 3.5 bar/51 psi) suspended from a rope swings from a defined height against a 876 x 1938 mm size pane of glass mounted in a frame.

The test makes a distinction between three classes according to the falling height of the twin tyres.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE PENDULUM-IMPACT TEST ACCORDING TO EN 12600
Classification	Fall height [mm]	Example of Laminated Safety Glass composition*
3(B)3	190	33.1
2(B)2	450	33.1, 44.1
1(B)1	1200	33.2, 44.2 or thicker

* LSG construction with float glass and TROSIFOL® BG (all film types)

The pendulum test for the given classification is considered passed if none of the 3 tested specimen panes is broken or if they all break in a harmless manner (no offset or opening in the test specimen through which a 76 mm diameter ball could pass at a maximum force of 25 N). A distinction is made between three types of breakage behaviour:

 

For example, a laminated safety glass construction of 44.2 qualifies for Test Class 1 (see table below). When simulating "hard impact", e.g. due to falling objects of relative low weight at a high speed onto a glass roof, a ball-drop test is carried out in conformity with DIN 52338. A 1030 g steel ball is dropped onto a 500 x 500 mm laminated safety glass test specimen from a minimum height of 4 m and must not penetrate the specimen. Normally this test is passed without difficulty by the thinnest used laminated safety glass make-up 33.1.